![]() Copying technology thus exemplifies a disruptive technology. Examples include: player piano rolls early in the 20th century, audio tape recording, and video tape recording (e.g., the "Betamax case" in the U.S.). Long before the arrival of digital or even electronic media copyright holders, content producers, or other financially or artistically interested parties had business and legal objections to copying technologies. For devices this means restricting the consumers on what hardware can be used with the device or what software can be run on it. For digital content this means preventing the consumer access, denying the user the ability to copy the content or converting it to other formats. 6.3 Digital content as promotion for traditional productsĭRM technologies attempt to give control to the seller of digital content or devices after it has been given to a consumer.5.9 Not all piracy is undesirable to digital rights holders.The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the FSF consider the use of DRM systems to be anti-competitive practice. Their position is that copyright holders are restricting the use of material in ways that are beyond the scope of existing copyright laws, and should not be covered by future laws. Some opponents, such as the Free Software Foundation (FSF) through its Defective by Design campaign, maintain that the use of the word "rights" is misleading and suggest that people instead use the term "digital restrictions management". ĭigital locks placed in accordance with DRM policies can also restrict users from doing something perfectly legal, such as making backup copies of CDs or DVDs, lending materials out through a library, accessing works in the public domain, or using copyrighted materials for research and education under fair use laws. Proponents argue that digital locks should be considered necessary to prevent "intellectual property" from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if the service is discontinued. Those opposed to DRM contend there is no evidence that DRM helps prevent copyright infringement, arguing instead that it serves only to inconvenience legitimate customers, and that DRM helps big business stifle innovation and competition. Some content providers claim that DRM is necessary to fight copyright infringement online and that it can help the copyright holder maintain artistic control or ensure continued revenue streams. ![]() The use of digital rights management is not universally accepted. In 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was passed in the United States to impose criminal penalties on those who make available technologies whose primary purpose and function are to circumvent content protection technologies. ![]() ![]() Companies such as Amazon, AT&T, AOL, Apple Inc., BBC, Microsoft, Electronic Arts, and Sony use digital rights management. DRM also includes specific instances of digital works or devices. DRM is any technology that inhibits uses of digital content that are not desired or intended by the content provider. Digital rights management ( DRM) is a class of controversial access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with the intent to limit the use of digital content and devices after sale.
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